Who Invented Ice Cream

Augustus Jackson was a candy confectioner from Philadelphia who created several ice cream recipes and invented an improved method of manufacturing ice cream. And while he didnt technically invent ice cream, Jackson is considered by many to be the modern day The actual origins of ice cream can be traced back to the 4th century B.C. But it wasnt until 1832 that the accomplished businessman helped to perfect the making of ice cream at that time. Jackson, who worked as a White House chef, was living Philadelphia and was running his own catering business when he began experimenting with ice cream flavor recipes. During this time, Jackson created several popular ice cream flavors which he distributed and packaged in tin cans to the ice cream parlors of Philadelphia. At that time, many African Americans owned ice cream parlors or were ice cream makers in the Philadelphia area. Jackson was extremely successful and his ice cream flavors were well loved. However, Jackson did not apply for any patents. The Earliest Ice Creams Ice cream dates back thousands of years and continued to evolve through the 16th century. During the 5th century BC, ancient  Greeks  ate snow mixed with honey and fruit in the markets of Athens. In 400 BC, the Persians invented a special chilled food, made of  rose water  and  vermicelli, which was served to royalty. In the far east, one of the earliest forms of ice cream was a frozen mixture of  milk  and  rice that was used in  China  around 200 BC.   The  Roman Emperor  Nero  (37–68 AD) had ice brought from the mountains and combined it with fruit toppings to create chilled desserts.   In the 16th century, the  Mughal emperors  used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the  Hindu Kush  to  Delhi, where it was used in fruit sorbets. The ice was mixed with  saffron, fruits, and various other flavors. The History of Ice Cream in Europe When Italian duchess  Catherine de Medici  married the  Duke of Orlà ©ans in 1533, she is said to have brought with her to France some Italian chefs who had recipes for flavored ices or sorbets.  One hundred years later,  Charles I of England became so impressed by the frozen snow that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime  pension  in return for keeping the formula a secret so that ice cream could be a  royal prerogative.  There is no historical evidence to support these legends, which first appeared during the 19th century. The first recipe in  French  for flavored ices appears in 1674.   Recipes for  sorbetti were published in the 1694 edition of Antonio Latinis  Lo Scalco alla Moderna  (The Modern Steward).  Recipes for flavored ices begin to appear in Franà §ois Massialots  Nouvelle Instruction pour les Confitures, les Liqueurs, et les Fruits, starting with the 1692 edition. Massialots recipes resulted in a coarse, pebbly texture. Latini claims that the results of his recipes should have the fine consistency of sugar and snow. Ice cream recipes first appeared in  England  in the 18th century. The recipe for ice cream was published in  Mrs. Mary Ealess Receipts  in  London  in 1718.

The Common Problem Of Addiction - 950 Words

Some people truly do not understand how serious an addiction really can be; they even used the word lightly. They say thing like I’m addicted to shoes, or I’m addicted to eating chocolate. They can really like shoes or really like to eat chocolate but can they truly say that they are addicted to these things. The common definition for the word addition is to have a compulsive need to have something on a regular bases, that can means every day. Addiction is looked at as being a chronic disease of the brain. Just like any other disease addiction can take over your life. The most common addiction that hurts our society more then we know is drug or alcohol addictions. Not only is it taking over our community’s but it is also taking over our jails and prisons. There are over 6.8 million people in America that are suffering with a drug or alcohol addiction, and many of these people are suffering alone. Since they have these addictions many times they are arrest for usi ng drugs or committing a crime so that they can get the drugs they need. There are over two million people serving time in our jails and prisons and over 500,000 are there because of a drug related crime. Drug and alcohol addiction has become an increasing problem over the years. We need to look more in to making sure that these individuals get the right help instead of just locking them up and throwing away the key. By doing this we could decrease their chances of them reusing and re-offending and returning to jailShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : A Common Problem Within Our World Today2567 Words   |  11 PagesDrug addiction is a very common problem within our world today. There are many factors that can lead up to drug addiction. Things like the environment that people live in, their peers, genetics could be a factor, and mental illness. 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In the United States alone, it is reported that roughly 18 million Americans have alcohol problems; 5 to 6 million have drug problems, and more than 9 million children live with a parent addicted to alcohol or illicit drugs. Drug addiction continues to be a growing concern, prompting medical and scientific research on a global scaleRead MoreIs Teenage Gambling a Problem in Canada?1034 Words   |  5 Pagescards, card games such as blackjack, bingo and gambling machines. Gambling can affect an individual both mentally and physically. Some of the harmful effects of gambling include experiencing depression, isolation, loss of sleep, stress related problems, loss of control and many more. Even though, the minimum age for gambling is 19 (Ontario Canada, n.d), teenagers who play card games or dice games for money with their friends and families is defined to be as â€Å"gambling.† The proof that supports

Understand Various Competitive Challenges â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understand Various Competitive Challenges? Answer: Introduction The nature of the competition in the food industry of Australia is rapidly rising which is giving rise to number of challenges as well as opportunities. The meat industry is one of the most well-known sectors which face numerous challenges as well as integration of technological advancements results in increase number of opportunities too (Hocquette, et al., 2012). The report will present the various competitive challenges and opportunities faced by the meat sector of the Australian food industry. Competitive challenges and opportunities facing the meat sector of the Australian food industry Challenges faced by the meat sector of the Australian food industry (Source: AMPC, 2016) Challenges facing the meat industry of the Australian food industry are rising with an upsurge rate which is making difficult for the companies to sustain. There are several kinds of challenges such as environmental, legal, competitive, technological, etc. But in present scenario, due to several factors, there is a strong threat of the competitive challenges to the businesses. International Competition The primary challenge is of the growing international competition as there is effective supply of the meat to manage the demand by the global companies through strong distribution channels and huge production capacity. This kills the share of the domestic companies and poses as a challenge for them to sustain (McConchie, 2016). Large-scale off-shore Processing There are only few key players that are processing the meat at large scale but still there are issues related to the processing of the meat at large scale. Because of the incapability to process at large-scale, the global players take possession of the markets and it kills the share of the regional players. Incompetence to produce undifferentiated products Another key competitive challenge in the meat sector is that there is extreme lack of differentiation. To sustain the market share, there is a much need to offer differentiated products to the consumers so that they do not switch to other brands due to lack of differentiation (Pethick, et al., 2011). Insufficient capital investment Insufficiency of the capital or lack of investments results in squat level of innovative practices to produce meat and this poses a competitive challenge for the companies. It has been analysed that the domestic player who are small in size not have much capital to invest and this restricts their growth and make them out from the market competition. Unmanageable inflation in primary markets In few of the key markets, there has been experienced sudden inflation which restricts the sale of the meat products and the unmanageability leads to decline market share of the company. There is a high need of having appropriate management of the production, demand and supply so that organisation does not have to face competitive challenges (AMPC, 2016). Lack of market coordination In Australia, it has also been analysed that there is extreme shortage of the market coordination which leads to ineffective supply of the meat products. Three is a strong need of market coordination so that the demands can be met successfully by the domestic suppliers and the global players do not fetch the market share (Bell, et al., 2014). Incompetence to understand the upsurge consumer and dynamic preferences Another key competitive challenge is lack of competence to understand and analyse the continuously rising and dynamic preferences of the consumers. The companies do not undertake such analysis and the lack of innovative practices, technological advancements and upgrade processing result in dissatisfaction of the consumers (Troy and Kerry, 2010). Supermarket war There is a strong and robust challenge imposed by the supermarkets on the growth and sales of the domestic retailers. The availability of fresh meat in lesser value, the consumers tend to purchase from the supermarkets and this results in cutting down of the market share of the regional players. This develops strong crisis among the domestic retailers and the supermarkets in Australia and thus the overall growth of the meat sector restricts (Reardon, et al., 2003). Opportunities in the meat sector of the Australian food industry Reducing costs with Robotics It is presently one of the pioneering opportunity for the Australian meat sector to develop and achieve success by taking sue of robots as new ways for packaging and processing of the products. There is extensive use of robots for achieving many benefits such as faster application, increased safety, lowered work place injury, reduced dependence upon labours and improve sanitation. Thus, to sustain and grow, the companies should take use of robotics technology (Runvik, 2017). Green credentials The importance of green bar is rising with time and it is one of the challenge as well as the opportunity for the industries. In present time, the consumers are willing to pay additional amount for environment safe and healthier, green and organic food products. Thus, there are several environment implications associated with meat production. Thus, it is an opportunity for the companies to enhance the green credentials and upsurge the sales in both domestic as well as global markets (International Food Meat Topics , n.d.). Enhancing transparency and clean products It is another opportunity for the Australian meat sector to extend the customer base and increase the sales by enhancing the transparency level by offering a more detailed and clear info to the consumers in respect with the production, processing and packaging of the meat products. If the consumers will offered more clean products with increased level of integrity, there are high chances of customer reliability and less threat of decreased market share (Trienekens and Zuurbier, 2008). Conclusion The report offers insight of several competitive opportunities and challenges faced by the meat sector of the Australian food industry. It has been evaluated that with the change in time and technologies, both the opportunities as well as challenges are growing for the domestic retailers of the nation. Thus, it is necessary to sustain these challenges and manage the long-term growth and sustainability of the businesses by focusing on few key factors such as integration of technology, analysis of customer needs, evaluation of the market trends, strategic moves, use of eco-friendly practices and offering more green and sustainable products which are hygienic and safe in nature. References AMPC, 2016. STRATEGIC RISKS FACING THE AUSTRALIAN RED MEAT INDUSTRY. Accessed on: 26th August, 2017. Pp.60. Accessed from: https://www.ampc.com.au/uploads/cgblog/id65/42161_AMPC_RiskDocumentvLR.pdf Bell, L.W., Hayes, R.C., Pembleton, K.G. and Waters, C.M., 2014. Opportunities and challenges in Australian grasslands: pathways to achieve future sustainability and productivity imperatives.Crop and Pasture Science,65(6), pp.489-507. Hocquette, J.F., Botreau, R., Picard, B., Jacquet, A., Pethick, D.W. and Scollan, N.D., 2012. Opportunities for predicting and manipulating beef quality.Meat science,92(3), pp.197-209. International Food Meat Topics, n.d. Challenges and opportunities for the meat sector. Pp.2. Accessed on: 26th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.positiveaction.info/pdfs/articles/fm28_1p29.pdf McConchie, R., 2016. Red meat sustainability report offers a feast of ideas to tackle challenges. Accessed on: 26th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2016-10-26/report-outlines-challenges-red-meat-processing-industry/7968482 Pethick, D.W., Ball, A.J., Banks, R.G. and Hocquette, J.F., 2011. Current and future issues facing red meat quality in a competitive market and how to manage continuous improvement.Animal Production Science,51(1), pp.13-18. Reardon, T., Timmer, C.P., Barrett, C.B. and Berdegu, J., 2003. The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.American journal of agricultural economics,85(5), pp.1140-1146. Runvik, K., 2017. How Robots Are Changing the Food Industry. Accessed on: 26th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://foodindustryexecutive.com/2017/02/how-robots-are-changing-the-food-industry/ Trienekens, J. and Zuurbier, P., 2008. Quality and safety standards in the food industry, developments and challenges.International Journal of Production Economics,113(1), pp.107-122. Troy, D.J. and Kerry, J.P., 2010. Consumer perception and the role of science in the meat industry.Meat science,86(1), pp.214-226.

The Artistic Realm of Music Video

Deborah Rouse talks about the art of making music videos. She explains that production is a complicated process that unites the worlds of film and music. Rouse specifically talks about black video producers who work in a highly competitive environment. Some famous black producers, such as Hype Williams, explain that video production entails envisaging the spirit of the song and transforming into a thrilling visual experience. Production involves video editing, hiring extras, coordinating choreography and many other components.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Artistic Realm of Music Video specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One must work under a lot pressure because most artists have strict deadlines. Music videos have the capacity to transform an artist’s and producer’s image. Nonetheless, other players believe that they create a grand image that artists cannot live up to in person. On Lady Gaga Th e writer, Neda Ulaby, explains that shock value has always been used by artists, but it is more difficult to shock people now. This is partly because music videos are easily accessible in the internet. Those who succeed with this strategy use it subtly and purposively. Conversely, Elizabeth Scalia compares Lady Gaga to Madonna. Madonna became boring because her take on sexuality lacked depth. Likewise Lady Gaga is renowned for embracing the inner monster. However, unless she adds depth to the idea, then she will be forgotten. Shana Naomi Krochmal believes Gaga is a genius because she is unpredictable. Gaga’s dressing, music and performances are scary, and this makes her stand out. How Hip Hop Lost Its Way and Betrayed Its Fans Brent Staples believes that Hip Hop music perpetuates dangerous race stereotypes, which have turned the genre into a violent and socially-unacceptable industry. Famous rap artists market themselves as convicts, drug dealers or gang members. They also ca pitalize on feuds between rival rap singers, which may sometimes turn violent as was the case with Notorious BIG and Tupac Shakur. Even record producers are in on this scheme. The strategy is toxic to black listeners who are made to believe that murder is normal. Furthermore, it is spiraling out of control and may reach a tipping point where the whole genre will become rejected by the rest of society. Hip Hop and Youth Culture This article delves into the complex world of Hip Hop. It began in the street as far back as the 70s but has become one of the most appreciated music genres by the youth. They identify with it because it is unpretentious and representative of a radical culture.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Young people from non black communities particularly subscribe to it because they want to listen to something that is alien to their culture. Since it is alien to whit e-middle class culture, then it is forbidden and attractive to them. Hip Hop is not just a genre of music; it penetrates into people’s way of dressing, their way of thinking, sporting, marketing and television watching. Don’t Blame Hip Hop Kelefa Sanneh talks about the controversies surrounding Hip Hop Music. Although the public accuses Hip Hop of sexism, propensity for riots and greed, the author believes that the problem is not inside the genre but within society. He claims that society has become cruder, so it is difficult to judge Hip Hop on the basis of its vulgarity. Efforts by famous personalities like Oprah and Russell Simmons to censor offensive words have not worked because of shifting moral priorities. Now, rap music is criticized for its sexism rather than it vulgarity, and this keeps changing. Attacks against the genre continue even when relatively clean rap songs are currently in the mainstream. Two Perspectives on Beyonce and Female Empowerment Dodai Smi th claims that Beyonce’s â€Å"Run the World† anthem is an anti-feminist song. It contradicts the very essence of female empowerment through its hypersexualised video. The author claims that Beyonce’s lyrics in the video were hollow. An attached video clip talks about how females are discriminated against in society, so the do not run the world. Conversely, Arielle Loren claims that Beyonce represents a new wave of feminism which is removed from the male gaze. She explains that women like Beyonce embrace their sexuality but still perform multiple roles at work and in their homes. This multidimensionality is what Beyonce was trying to portray in the ‘Run the World Video. Analysis The video chosen for analysis is Beyonce’s ‘Run the world† song. It features plenty of colorful and eye-catching outlooks. In one scene, she stands beside a burning car and maintains a cool aura about her. In another scene, she confronts a group of uniformed men with the assistance of scantily clad women. There is no doubt that the artist put a lot of thought into the creation of the video. Not only did she travel to Africa to get inspiration for the choreography, but she hired a range of experts to bring all her ideas together. Dodai Smith in â€Å"Two perspectives on female empowerment† claims that the video betrayed feminists’ intentions because of too much sexuality. However, what this critic and many others in the internet forget is Beyonce is a commercial artist who must sell records. When creating the song, the singer needed to think about her female audience (and feminists in particular) as well as the male audience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Artistic Realm of Music Video specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is likely that the song was meant to empower women while the video was meant to entertain. If the singer got too carried away with he r role as a feminist advocate in her video production, then chances are that it would alienate her male audience. Additionally, as Arielle Loren in â€Å"Two perspectives on female empowerment† rightfully points out, women have to juggle plenty of things in this world to get ahead. Beyonce needed to accommodate the wishes of industry leaders, her male as well a female fans, and this explains why she dressed scantily. If one were to analyze the pop industry today, one would accuse almost all female artists of being hypersexualized. This was not a phenomenon that was unique to Beyonce; she was simply representing values that the industry has come to extol. In the video clip attached to Dodai Smith’s blog, the speaker claims that females are not empowered, so they do not run the world. She believes that the â€Å"Run the World† video is a lie since equality is a far-fetched dream. However, this bloggers and her contemporaries have taken the lyrics to the song too l iterary. In the video, Beyonce might not necessarily be talking about what goes on overtly in society. She might have been focusing on the unacknowledged contributions that women are making in their world. Speaking as an African American woman, Beyonce knows that most black households are run by women. Their husbands either abandon them or have been locked away in jail. Consequently, these women end up raising their children alone, working more than one job and keeping their families together. The singer probably drew inspiration for this song from the image of strength that many African American people associate with women. Therefore, the song was a description of what really goes on in her world, and not what people see superficially. Women run the world in the same way that worker-bees run their hives. They might not get any glory or enjoy royal treatment, but without their input, their colonies would fall apart. Likewise, women all over the world work in blue collar or low-wage jobs. They cultivate land and support agricultural industries in the developing world; it this modest industriousness that holds everything together. Men may get all the prestigious positions, but it is women who make everything around them work perfectly. Beyonce was praising this unappreciated group through her song. Lastly, mainstream songs rarely focus on feminist ideas at all. Therefore, when one female takes up this role, then her efforts should be appreciated rather than bashed. Internet bloggers have had a field day about how Beyonce neutralized her message through sexual imagery. These critics need to laud her for making an effort.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She might not have been the ideal representation of feminism, but at least she tried. Women today need something that can empower them, in a relatable and enjoyable way. Conventional brands of feminism have been too isolated from the mainstream. Perhaps the popularity of Beyonce’s song among many ordinary women is an exposure of feminists’ outdated or overly conservative approach. This essay on The Artistic Realm of Music Video was written and submitted by user Frankl1nSt0rm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biografia de Darleny Sabillon Essays - Rafiel,

Biografia de Darleny Sabillon Darleny Sabillon Hernandez, nacio en el municipio de Omoa de la ciudad de Puerto Cortes. Su padre se llama Israel Sabillon y su Madre se llama Blanca Rosa Hernandez. A sus 15 anos de edad dejo su hogar para formar un hogar con Juan Manuel Gutierrez quien tenia 24 anos de edad. Se mudaron en la colonia primavera en donde aun siguen viviendo con la compania de don Salvador Paredes quien es su padre de crianza ya que el la crio durante su infancia. Estando instalados en su nuevo hogar paso un ano cuando ella salio embarazada y a los 16 anos tuvo a su primer hijo Manuel Gutierrez, pasaron los anos y Darleny volvio a salir embarazada y dio a luz a sus 22 anos de su segundo hijo Alejandro Gutierrez y por ultimo a sus 26 anos dio a luz a su unica hija Valeria Gutierrez. Darleny es ama de casa, pero tambien tiene un negocio de venta que es la venta de ropa, su hermana le ayuda con la mercaderia para que ella se capaz de venderla para ayudarle a su esposo en la economia de su hogar. Todos sus hijos estan en la escuela con la excepcion del mayor que ya esta en el colegio cursando su primer ano, Darleny les ayuda a cada uno de ellos en sus tareas y les brinda su apoyo. Darleny se destaca por ser una persona creativa, sonadora, extrovertida y con muchas ganas de estudiar para seguir adelante y ayudar a sus hijos.

Effects of Wolf Predation

Effects of Wolf Predation Effects of Wolf PredationAbstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effectsof wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The fourproposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis,the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, andthe stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literaturethat discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret variousdata sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that thepredation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that moreresearch is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple preyrelationships.The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on theecological organization and structure of communities. The processes ofpredation affect virtually every species to some degree or another.Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/orkill) those of another species. The specific type of predation betweenwolves and large ung ulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores.English: A camouflaged Menemerus sp Jumping spider...Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations ofpopulations. To draw any correlations between the effects of thesepredator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, andstatistical analysis of large data sets representative of thepopulations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distributionand decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the caseof pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with gameanimals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a majorselective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explainmany evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species.The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates haveproven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many differentmodels proposed to describe the processes operating on populationsinfluenced by wolf predation. Some of th e proposed mechanisms includethe predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulatinghypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cyclehypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess theempirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if oneof the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolfpredation on ungulate population densities.The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is theprimary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibriummodel recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. Thisimplies that the prey population does not return to some particularequilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesisinvolves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply toone prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesispredicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough tohalt prey population increase.Many studies support the hypothesis that predat ion limits preydensity. Bergerud et al. (1983) concluded from their study of theinterrelations of wolves and moose in the Pukaskwa National Park thatwolf predation limited, and may have caused a decline in, the moosepopulation, and that if wolves were eliminated, the moose populationwould increase until limited by some other regulatory factor, such asfood availability. However, they go on to point out that this upperlimit will not be sustainable, but will eventually lead to resourcedepletion and population decline. Seip (1992) found that high wolfpredation on caribou in the Quesnel Lake area resulted in a decline inthe population, while low wolf predation in the Wells Gray ProvincialPark resulted in a slowly increasing population. Wolf predation at theQuesnel Lake area remained high despite a fifty percent decline in thecaribou population, indicating that mortality due to predation was notdensity-dependent within this range of population densities. Dale etal. (1994), in their study of wolves and caribou in Gates NationalPark and Preserve, showed that wolf predation can be an importantlimiting factor at low caribou population densities, and may have ananti-regulatory effect. They also state that wolf predation may affectthe distribution and abundance of caribou populations. Bergerud andBallard (1988), in their interpretation of the Nelchina caribou herdcase history, said that during and immediately following a reductionin the wolf population, calf recruitment increased, which shouldresult in a future caribou population increase. Gasaway et al. (1983)also indicated that wolf predation can sufficiently increase the rateof mortality in a prey population to prevent the population'sincrease. Even though there has been much support of this hypothesis,Boutin (1992) suggests that "there is little doubt that predation is alimiting factor, but in cases where its magnitude has been measured,it is no greater than other factors such as hunting."A second hypothesis about the effects of wolf predation is thepredation regulating hypothesis, which proposes that predationregulates prey densities around a low-density equilibrium. Thishypothesis fits an equilibrium model, and assumes that followingdeviation, prey populations return to their pre-existing equilibriumlevels. This predator regulating hypothesis proposes that predation isa density-dependent mechanism affecting low to intermediate preydensities, and a density-independent mechanism at high prey densities.Some research supports predation as a regulating mechanism.Messier (1985), in a study of moose near Quebec, Canada, draws theconclusion that wolf-ungulate systems, if regulated naturally,stabilize at low prey and low predator population densities. InMessier's (1994) later analysis, based on twenty-seven studies wheremoose were the dominant prey species of wolves, he determined thatwolf predation can be density-dependent at the lower range of moosedensities. This result demonstrates that predation i s capable ofregulating ungulate populations. Even so, according to Boutin (1992)more studies are necessary, particularly at high moose densities, todetermine if predation is regulatory.A third proposal to model the effects of wolf predation on preypopulations is the predator pit hypothesis. This hypothesis is amultiple equilibria model. It proposes that predation regulates preydensities around a low-density equilibrium. The prey population canthen escape this regulation once prey densities pass a certainthreshold. Once this takes place, the population reaches an upperequilibrium. At this upper equilibrium, the prey population densitiesare regulated by competition for (and or availability of) food. Thispredator pit hypothesis assumes that predator losses aredensity-dependent at low prey densities, but inverselydensity-dependent at high prey densities. Van Ballenberghe (1985)states that wolf population regulation is needed when a caribou herdpopulation declines and becomes trapped in a predator pit, whereinpredators are able to prevent caribou populations from increasing.The final model that attempts to describe the effects ofpredation on prey populations is the stable limit cycle hypothesis.This hypothesis proposes that vulnerability of prey to predationdepends on past environmental conditions. According to this theory,individuals of a prey population born under unfavorable conditions aremore vulnerable to predation throughout their adult lives than thoseborn under favorable conditions. This model would produce time lagsbetween the proliferation of the predator and the prey populations, ineffect generating recurring cycles. Boutin (1992) states that if thishypothesis is correct, the effects of food availability (or the lackof) should be more subtle than outright starvation. Relatively severewinters could have long- term effects by altering growth, production,and vulnerability. Thompson and Peterson (1988) reported that thereare no documented cases of wolf preda tion imposing a long-term limiton ungulate populations independent of environmental influences. Theyalso point out that summer moose calf mortality was high whetherpredators were present or not, and that snow conditions during thewinter affected the vulnerability of calves to predation. Messier(1994) asserts that snow accumulation during consecutive winters doesnot create a cumulative impact on the nutritional status of deer andmoose.All of the four proposed theories mentioned above could describethe interrelationships between the predation of wolves and their usualnorth american prey of large ungulate species. There has been ampleevidence presented in the primary research literature to support anyone of the four potential models. The predation limiting hypothesisseems to enjoy wide popular support, and seems to most accuratelydescribe most of the trends observed in predator-prey populations.Most researchers seem to think that more specific studies need to beconducted to find an ide al model of the effects of predation. Bergerudand Ballard (1988) stated "A simple numbers argument regardingprey:predator ratios overlooks the complexities in multi-predator-preysystems that can involve surplus killing, additive predation betweenpredators, enhancement and interference between predator species,switch over between prey species, and a three-fold variation in foodconsumption rates by wolves." Dale et al. (1994) stated that furtherknowledge of the factors affecting prey switching, such asdensity-dependent changes in vulnerability within and between preyspecies, and further knowledge of wolf population response is neededto draw any firm conclusions. Boutin (1992) also proposed that thefull impact of predation has seldom been measured because researchershave concentrated on measuring losses of prey to wolves only.Recently, bear predation on moose calves has been found to besubstantial, but there are few studies which examine this phenomenon(Boutin 1992). Messier (1994) als o pointed out that grizzly and blackbears may be important predators of moose calves during the summer.Seip (1992), too, states that bear predation was a significant causeof adult caribou mortality. These points emphasize thatmultiple-predator and multiple-prey systems are probably at work inthe natural environment, and we must not over generalize a onepredator - one prey hypothesis in the attempt to interpret the overalltrends of the effects of predation of wolves on large ungulatepopulations.Literature CitedBergerud, A. T., W. Wyett, and B. Snider. 1983. The role of wolfpredation in limiting a moose population. Journal ofWildlife Management. 47(4): 977-988.Bergerud, A. T., and W. B. Ballard. 1988. Wolf predation on caribou:the Nelchina herd case history, a different interpretation. Journal ofWildlife Management. 52(2): 344- 357.Boutin, S.. 1992. Predation and moose population dynamics: a critique.Journal of Wildlife Management. 56(1): 116-127.Dale, B. W., L. G. Adams, and R. T. Bo wyer. 1994. Functional responseof wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple preyecosystem. Journal of Animal Ecology. 63: 644- 652.Gasaway, W. C., R. O. Stephenson, J. L. Davis, P. E. K. Shepherd, andO. E. Burris. 1983. Interrelationships of wolves, prey, and man ininterior Alaska. Wildlife Monographs. 84: 1- 50.Messier, F.. 1985. Social organization, spatial distribution, andpopulation density of wolves in relation to moose density. CanadianJournal of Zoology. 63: 1068-1077.Messier, F.. 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: a casestudy with the North American moose. Ecology. 75(2): 478-488.Seip, D.. 1992. Factors limiting woodland caribou populations and irinterrelationships with wolves and moose in southeastern BritishColombia. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70: 1494-1503.Thompson, I. D., and R. O. Peterson. 1988. Does wolf predation alonelimit the moose population in Pukaskwa Park?: a comment. Journal ofWildlife Management. 52(3): 556-559.Van Ballenberghe, V. . 1985. Wolf predation on caribou: the Nelchinaherd case history. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49(3): 711-720.

Drug Dealing and Money Laundering Forensic Accountant Admissibility Essay - 8

Drug Dealing and Money Laundering Forensic Accountant Admissibility - Essay Example The case R v Ferguson; R v Sadler, R v Cox of the three police officers Cox, Sadler, and Ferguson is one such case. Being in the drug squad, have made it easy for these officers to illegally sell drugs through street dealers who they have caught on the pretext that they were carrying out strategic investigations. In reality, the squad members were benefitting from the drug dealers through cash income, and the only way to justify their benefits was to check on their accounts. This was why the expertise of a forensic accountant, Curtin was necessary. Although evidence of assumed expert opinions is not admissible in a court of law, in this case, the Court made an exception to accountant Curtins opinions based on the logic that if a person's financial statements were to be produced in court then an expert in the area must be produced to analyze it. However, the expert, the forensic accountant, should merely explain the evidence (which the jury could have interpreted themselves had they the training to do so) but should not influence the jury of its contents. This was why the accountant's evidence became admissible. The court of appeal also allowed the evidence admissible if Curtin explained the process of arriving at the conclusions. Curtin has used standard accountants methodology as set by the Statement of Forensic Accounting Standards - APS 11. This Standard provides clear guidelines to its members how to seek and utilize financial data and present it incomprehensible manner. Two of the important requirements is that the accountant can only make assumptions about the past or future events or amounts in the absence of the amount. His assumptions should be reasonable under circumstances, and they were suitably qualified and disclosed.